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English Translation Services
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The English
language is a West Germanic language, originating from England, built
from several local languages of 6th century Norse conquerors, with a
strong French influence added following the Norman Conquest of 1066.
English spread worldwide with the rise of British colonialism, from
the British Isles to Australia, Canada, India, South Africa, New
Zealand, the United States and elsewhere.
Linguistically,
English is divided into three broad stages: Old English (also known
as Anglo-Saxon), the language spoken by the Germanic tribes in
England prior to the Norman Conquest; Middle English, generally, the
language of the commoners in England after the Norman Conquest and
before the development of the printing press; and Modern English, the
language from the 16th century onwards. Modern English native
speakers can usually understand Middle English with some difficulty,
but Old English is much closer to Icelandic than to Modern English.
English is the second most popular "first" language
(native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. It is the
most widely used "second" and "learning" language
in the world, and as such, many linguists believe, it is no longer
the exclusive cultural emblem of "native English speakers",
but rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide
as it grows in use. Others theorise that there are limits to how far
English can go in suiting everyone for communication purposes.
English has lingua franca status, due to the military,
economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the United
Kingdom and later the United States. Where possible, virtually all
students worldwide are required to learn some English, and knowledge
of English is virtually a prerequisite for working in many fields and
occupations. Higher academic institutions, for example, require a
working command of English.
History
Main article:
History of the English Language
English is descended from the
language spoken by the Germanic tribes, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
(Vikings), that began populating the British Isles around 500 AD.
These invaders dominated the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants of
what is now England, the languages of whom survived largely in
Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland. The various dialects spoken
by these Germanic invaders formed what would eventually be called Old
English, which was also strongly influenced by the addition of yet
another Germanic dialect, Old Norse. Old English lasted until 1100,
shortly after the Norman conquest.
Middle English was the
result of the heavy French influence of the Normans, and lasted from
ca. 1100 (Norman Conquest 1066)-1500 (introduction of the printing
press). The most famous surviving work from the Middle English period
is Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. The Great Vowel Shift
occurred during that period, and English after that major sound
change became Modern English.
Modern English, the language
described by this article, began its rise around the time of William
Shakespeare and its grammar and pronunciation has been essentially
the same since that time, with the most important changes being in
the large increase of vocabulary. Some scholars divide early modern
English and late Modern English at around 1800, in concert with
British conquest of much of the rest of the world, as the influence
of native languages affected English enormously.
