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Japanese Translation Services
With a large network of in-country, professional Japanese translators, Verbatim Solutions can respond quickly and effectively to your Japanese language translation needs.
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Japan
(Nippon/Nihon ?
(sun) ?
(root/origin), literally "the origin of the sun") is
a country in East Asia located between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea
of Japan, east of the Korean peninsula. Its name, often translated as
"The Land of the Rising Sun," comes from China and refers
to Japan's eastward position relative to the Asian continent. Before
Japan had relations with China, it was known as Yamato (??).
Wa (?)
was a name early China used to refer to Japan, around the time of the
Three Kingdoms Period.
Japan comprises a chain of islands,
the largest of which are, from south to north, Kyushu (??),
Shikoku (??),
Honshu (??,
the largest island), and Hokkaido (???).
The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon and Nihon. They are
both written the same in Japanese. The Japanese name Nippon is used
for most official purposes, including money, stamps, and
international sporting events. Nihon is a more casual term used in
Japan. For example, Japanese people call themselves Nihonjin and
their language Nihongo: literally "Japan People" and Japan
Language resepctively. The English word for Japan came to the west
from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese word for Japan
was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. However, the Cantonese word
for Japan, form which the word Japan was probobly originally born, is
Jatbun. In Malay the Cantonese word became Japang and was thus
encountered by Portuguese traders in Moluccas in the 16th century. It
is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to
Europe. It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan.
History
Main article: History of Japan
Archeological research indicates that Japan had already been
occupied by early humans at least 500,000 years ago, during the Lower
Paleolithic period. Over repeated ice-ages during the last million
years, Japan was regularly connected by land bridges to the Asian
mainland (by Sakhalin to the North, and probably Kyushu to the
South), facilitating migrations of humans, animals and plants to the
Japanese archipelago from the area that is now China and Korea.
With the end of the last ice-age and general warming, the
Jomon culture emerged around 11,000 BC, characterized by a mesolithic
to neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer lifestyle and the
manufacture of the earliest known pottery in the World. It is thought
that Jomon populations were the ancestors of the Proto-Japanese and
today's Ainu.
The start of the Yayoi period around 300 BC
marked the influx from the Asian mainland of new technologies such as
rice-farming, as well as rather massive migrations from various part
of Asia like Korea and China, especially around Beijing and Shanghai,
and from the South by marine route. However, several recent studies
have pointed out that Yayoi period is 500 to 600 longer than
previously believed making massive immigrations unneeded to explain
the increase in population.
According to traditional Japanese
mythology, Japan was founded in the 7th century BC by the ancestral
Emperor Jimmu. During the 5th and 6th centuries, the Chinese writing
system and Buddhism were introduced with other Chinese cultures first
via the Korean peninsula and later directly from China. The emperors
were the nominal rulers, but actual power was usually held by
powerful court nobles, regents, or shoguns (military governors).
Ancient political structure held that, once battles between
rivals were finished, the victorious Shogun would migrate to the
capital Heian (fully Heian-kyo-to, 'kyo-to' meaning capital city, and
the full name now shortened to the suffix, 'Kyoto') to rule under the
grace of the Emperor. However, in the year 1185, general Minamoto no
Yoritomo was the first to break this tradition, refusing to relocate
and subsequently holding power in Kamakura, just south of present-day
Yokohama. While this Kamakura Shogunate was somewhat stable, Japan
soon fell into warring factions and suffered through what became
known as the Warring States or Sengoku Period. In the year 1600, at
the Battle of Sekigahara, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu either co-opted or
defeated his enemies and formed the Tokugawa Shogunate in the small
fishing village of Edo (formerly transcribed as 'Yeddo'), what is now
known as Tokyo (eastern capital).
During the 16th century,
traders from Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and Spain arrived,
as did Christian missionaries. During the early part of the 17th
century, Japan's shogunate suspected that they were actually
forerunners of a military conquest by European powers and ultimately
barred all relations with the outside world except for severely
restricted contacts with Dutch and Chinese merchants at Nagasaki
(Dejima) with occasional Korean envoys. This isolation lasted for 251
years, until Commodore Matthew Perry forced the opening of Japan to
the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
Within
several years, renewed contact with the West profoundly altered
Japanese society. Following the 1867-1868 Boshin War the shogunate
was forced to resign, and the emperor was restored to power. The
Meiji Restoration of 1868 initiated many reforms. The feudal system
was abolished and numerous Western institutions were adopted,
including a Western legal system and government, along with other
economic, social and military reforms that transformed the Empire of
Japan into a world power. As results of Sino-Japanese war and
Russo-Japanese war, Japan acquired Taiwan, Sakhalin, and the Kuril
Islands, and later annexed Korea in 1910.
The early 20th
century saw Japan come under increasing influence of an expansionist
military, leading to the invasion of Manchuria, a second
Sino-Japanese War (1937). Japan allied with Germany and Italy and
formed the Axis Pact. Japanese leaders felt it was necessary to
attack the US naval base in Pearl Harbor (1941) to ensure Japanese
supremacy in the Pacific. However, the entry of the United States
into World War II would slowly tilt the balance in the Pacific
against the Japanese. After a long Pacific campaign, Japan lost
Okinawa in the Ryukyu islands and was pushed back to the four main
islands. The United States made fierce attacks on Tokyo, Osaka, and
other cities by strategic bombing, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki with
two atomic bombs. Japan eventually agreed to an unconditional
surrender to the United States on August 15, 1945.
A defeated
post-war Japan remained under US occupation until 1952, where after
it embarked on a remarkable economic recovery that returned
prosperity to the islands. The success of 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games is
regarded as many as the sign that Japan had finally regained its
national status. The Ryukyu islands remained under US occupation
until 1972 to stabilize East Asia, and a major military presence
remains there to this day. The Soviet Union seized the Kuril islands
north of Hokkaido at the end of WWII, and despite the collapse of the
Soviet state and friendly relations between countries, Russia has
refused to return these islands.
